Пирамида сахура – Абусир. Пирамида Сахура. — В путешествии

Содержание

Абусир. Пирамида Сахура.

— АБУСИР —

Пирамида Сахура

Первые исследования Пирамиды Сахура и Припирамидного комплекса проводились в середине XIX века английским египтологом Джоном Перрингом и немецким археологом Карлом Лепсиусом. Ввиду сильных обрушений никаких серьезных археологических работ в Пирамиде то время не производилось. И только несколько лет спустя, во внутренние помещения Пирамиды Сахура удалось попасть французскому археологу Жаку де Моргану. Но и ему не удалось продвинуться далеко вглубь. Впервые тщательные раскопки Припирамидного комплекса и самой Пирамиды были проведены лишь в начале ХХ века под руководством немецкого египтолога Людвига Борхарда. В период с 1902 по 1908 годы был расчищен и исследован весь Припирамидный комплекс Сахура.

Еще в 2011 году наша группа посетила Абусир в сопровождении египетского историка Иосифа Авиана. И чем дольше и чаще приходилось бывать в Абусире, тем больший интерес вызывала к себе эта местность. Она словно пыталась поведать нам свою историю посредством множества артефактов, «взирающих» из под песков Сахары.

Итак, Пирамида Сахура.

Размер стороны основания Пирамиды — 78,75м
Первоначальная высота Пирамиды — 47 м
Наклон граней Пирамиды — 50°11’40

Нижний и Верхний Храмы Пирамиды Сахура.

Перед тем как приступить к рассмотрению конструктивных особенностей Нижнего Храма, приведем фотографии Процессионной дороги, соединяющей Нижний (Долинный) и Верхний (Припирамидный) Храмы Пирамиды Сахура. Следует отметить наличие довольно хорошо сохранившегося водопровода, пролегающего под мостовыми плитами дороги по всей ее длине протяженностью в 235 метров. На первой фотографии показано начало водопровода, на последней — его продолжение (после окончания мостовых плит Процессионной дороги) на подходе к Припирамидному Храму.

Вернемся к самому началу Процессионной Дороги — в Нижний Храм Пирамиды Сахура.

На нижеприведенных фотографиях показан вход в Храм с двумя сохранившимися колоннами, выполненными из розового гранита. Все сооружение находится в низине, в недавнем прошлом — болотистой местности, плотно поросшей тростником.

Отметим, что в Нижнем Храме имеются базальтовые полы и другие схожие конструктивные особенности, встречающиеся также и в Верхнем Храме.

Наблюдается также и схожесть структуры «замковой части», присутствующей, как на Воротах Нижнего Храма Сахура (2,3 и 4 фотографии нижеприведенного ряда), так и на фрагментах Ворот Верхнего Храма.

Как будет видно из фотографий, приведенных ниже, Храм имеет пол, выполненный из базальта в стиле «полигональная кладка». Белый налет на базальтовых блоках пола и стен нижнего ряда периметра Храма обусловлен тем, что сооружение долгое время пребывало в воде, вследствие чего камень частично покрыт отложениями, образованными не столь давними проявлениями внешнего воздействия природных факторов.

В последнем ряду вышеприведенных фотографий показана технологическая выемка в стенке храма. Нечто похожее наблюдается и на несущих опорах Осириона в Абидосе:

Поднявшись по Процессионной дороге, попадаем в Верхний Храм, который находится с восточной стороны Пирамиды. Как видно из фотографий приведенных ниже, на территории Храма имеется множество элементов гранитных и базальтовых конструкций, которые в прошлом являлись фрагментами несущих стен Припирамидного Храма Сахура.

Несмотря на полностью разрушенные стены Храма, базальтовые полы сохранились в отличном состоянии. Здесь, как и в Нижнем Храме, полы выполнены с применением технологии «полигональной кладки».

При упоминании о базальтовых полах Припирамидных храмов, следует отметить то, что они (полы) встречаются, как у Верхнего, так и у Нижнего храмов. Они были найдены у Пирамиды Хеопса, Усеркафа, Сахура и Ниусерра.

Были найдены и полы из алебастра, но только у пирамид, имеющих в своем комплексе лишь один Припирамидный Храм. Такие полы найдены в храмах Пирамиды Тети и Пирамиды Пепи II в Южной Саккаре. Мостовые, выполненные из полигональных блоков известняка (в разной степени сохранности), встречаются вокруг всех пирамид без исключения.

Внутренние помещения Пирамиды Сахура.

Уклон потолочных блоков «Погребальной камеры» — 29,7-30 градусов.
Ширина коридора — 1,20 — 1,25м
Уклон нисходящего коридора — 27,6 градусов

Сейчас в Пирамиде Сахура ведутся археологические работы по расчистке и укреплению ее внутренних помещений. Нисходящий коридор от начала спуска до середины частично восстановлен современными опорами. Примерно с середины Нисходящего коридора начинается оригинальная кладка стен и потолка коридора.

На двух последних фотографиях следующего ряда показан пролом в потолке Нисходящего коридора, ведущий в толщу кладки Пирамиды.

В самом конце коридора — полное обрушение «Погребальной камеры». На нижеприведенных фотографиях показаны упавшие потолочные перекрытия камеры.

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Пирамида Сахура — это… Что такое Пирамида Сахура?

Пирамида Сахура

Данные
Месторасположение	Абусир
Заказчик	Сахура
Время строительства	V династия (~2500 до ~2490 до н.э.)
Тип	Гладкая пирамида
Строительный материал	Известняк
Размер основания	78,75 м
Высота (первоначально)	~ 47 м м
Наклон	50°11’40
Культовая пирамида	есть

Координаты: 29°53′51.6″ с. ш. 31°12′12.2″ в. д. / 29.897667° с. ш. 31.203389° в. д. ^(G) ^(O)29.897667, 31.203389

Пирамида Сахура относится к типу гладких пирамид, находится в Абусире к северу от Саккары. В древности носила название «душа Сахура, являющаяся в свете».

Фараон Сахура (V династия) выбрал для возведения своего погребального комплекса то же место, где его предшественник (Усеркаф) возвел свой солнечный храм. Тем самым Сахура основал новый царский некрополь в северной столице — близ Мемфиса в Абусире.

Комплекс Сахуры подвергся сильному разрушению строительных пород и в настоящее время весь ансамбль комплекса выглядит уже совсем не так, как во времена Древнего Египта.

Погребальный комплекс

План погребального комплекса Сахура

Погребальный комплекс соединяется с нижним храмом или «храмом долины» длинной церемониальной дорогой. Располагается на границе возделываемых участков и пустыни Абусира.

Этот комплекс станет классическим образцом строительства погребальных комплексов и будет воспроизводиться у всех последующих фараонов V династии. Впрочем и последующие династии фараонов предпочитали возводить крупные постройки, беря за образец монументы, расположенные здесь, в Абусире.

Храм долины сегодня разрушен и сохранился лишь его фундамент. Базальтовые блоки основания за прошедшие тысячелетия, в результате разливов Нила, были занесены 5-метровым слоем почвы. Археологам удалось восстановить общий вид храма, а также два его основных входа, расположенных перпендикулярно. Один из них начинался с крытой галереи из 8 круглых колонн выполненных из красного гранита. Другой вход находился с южной стороны и имел четыре колонны, вырезанных из одинаковых гранитных монолитов. Храм выстроен на возвышении и вдоль колоннад к нему вели ступени.

Фотографии

Вид на дорогу ведущую к погребальному храму и к пирамиде Сахура в Абусире
Вид сквозь погребальный храм на пирамиду
Руины погребального храма Сахура
Двор погребального храма Сахура с двумя восстановленными колоннами
Картуш Сахура высеченная на архитраве (перекладине) его погребального храма
Перекладина (гранитный брус) от двери в храме Сахура
Элемент колонны из храма Сахура, содержащий имя правителя
Часть монолитного порога из гранита в храме Сахура
Колонна дополнительного вход в погребальный храм Сахура

Ссылки

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Сахура — Энциклопедия Древнего Египта

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